Physicist Adds Second Time Dimension to Resolve Quantum Entanglement

Two Dimensions of Time Explain Quantum Physics, Physicist Argues — Sabine Hossenfelder

Sabine Hossenfelder

A five-dimensional spacetime model explains instantaneous quantum state updates via a hidden field without permitting faster-than-light signaling, but risks vacuum instability and relativity violations.

AI-assisted summary of Two Dimensions of Time Explain Quantum Physics, Physicist Argues — original source. Check the original for full context.

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Key ideas

  • A new theoretical paper proposes that the universe contains five dimensions—three of space and two of time—providing a geometric explanation for the instantaneous correlations of quantum entanglement. (0:00)
  • The model introduces a five-dimensional hidden field coupled exclusively to entangled particles, allowing instantaneous state updates across the second time dimension while preserving quantum mechanics' strict no-signaling limit. (2:33)
  • The theory is empirically testable, predicting a subtle, distance-dependent cross-correlation between two completely independent sources of entangled photon pairs that standard quantum mechanics rules out. (2:33)
  • Sabine Hossenfelder rates the paper a 7 out of 10 on her skepticism meter, citing severe unaddressed theoretical hurdles traditionally associated with extra time dimensions, including vacuum instability and general relativity conflicts. (4:10)

Detailed notes

## Background Published on YouTube by Sabine Hossenfelder on August 17, 2026, this video examines a research paper that attempts to explain quantum mechanics' 'spooky action at a distance' by proposing the universe possesses two dimensions of time instead of one. The video description questions whether the author's mathematical framework and proposed experimental test represent genius or nonsense, while also recommending Robert Nemiroff's book, Faster Than Light.

## TL;DR Sabine Hossenfelder breaks down a novel proposal that attempts to explain quantum entanglement by expanding spacetime into five dimensions containing three spatial and two temporal coordinates. In this model, a hidden field transmits state updates across the second time dimension, making interactions appear instantaneous from our standard four-dimensional perspective while preserving the prohibition against faster-than-light signaling. Although the hypothesis outlines a testable prediction involving cross-correlations between independent entangled photon sources, it faces major theoretical obstacles such as vacuum instability, causality paradoxes, and clashes with general relativity. Ultimately, Sabine awards the paper a 7 out of 10 on her skepticism meter, appreciating its ambition as an exploratory post-quantum model before recommending Robert Nemiroff's book on superluminal phenomena.

## Atmosphere & style The presentation carries Sabine's trademark blend of deadpan skepticism, intellectual rigor, and dry, self-deprecating wit. Complex theoretical physics concepts are unpacked with crisp, accessible clarity, shifting smoothly from fundamental quantum paradoxes to sharp-eyed critique. The tone feels grounded, candid, and refreshingly unsensational, puncturing hype with playful observations while remaining open to unconventional ideas that challenge scientific dogma.

## Bulletin - [00:00](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=0s) A new theoretical paper proposes that the universe contains five dimensions—three of space and two of time—providing a geometric explanation for the instantaneous correlations of quantum entanglement. - [02:33](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=153s) The model introduces a five-dimensional hidden field coupled exclusively to entangled particles, allowing instantaneous state updates across the second time dimension while preserving quantum mechanics' strict no-signaling limit. - [02:33](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=153s) The theory is empirically testable, predicting a subtle, distance-dependent cross-correlation between two completely independent sources of entangled photon pairs that standard quantum mechanics rules out. - [04:10](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=250s) Sabine Hossenfelder rates the paper a 7 out of 10 on her skepticism meter, citing severe unaddressed theoretical hurdles traditionally associated with extra time dimensions, including vacuum instability and general relativity conflicts.

## Key takeaways - [00:00](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=0s) Quantum entanglement fundamentally differs from classical correlation because entangled particles have no definite physical values prior to measurement. - [00:00](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=0s) The true 'spooky action' in quantum mechanics is not the correlation itself, but the instantaneous, faster-than-light update of a distant particle's state once measured. - [00:00](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=0s) Even though state updates appear instantaneous, quantum randomness enforces the no-signaling rule, preventing observers from using entanglement to transmit information faster than light. - [02:33](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=153s) By adding a second time dimension, particle travel across the extra temporal coordinate can register as completely instantaneous within standard 4D spacetime. - [02:33](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=153s) A hypothetical hidden field in 5D spacetime mediates the remote state update but cannot be manipulated by experimental apparatuses to transmit custom signals. - [02:33](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=153s) The paper distinguishes itself from pure mathematical reinterpretation by proposing an experiment measuring cross-correlations between two separate entangled photon systems. - [04:10](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=250s) Theories incorporating multiple time dimensions historically suffer from severe theoretical defects, including vacuum instability and causality or time-travel paradoxes. - [04:10](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=250s) Adding a second time dimension disrupts the mathematical framework of Einstein's general relativity, an issue left unresolved in the proposed model. - [04:10](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=250s) Sabine evaluates the paper at 7/10 on the skepticism meter, noting that while it is an imaginative 'beyond quantum' attempt, a simpler physical foundation is far more probable. - [05:07](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=307s) Physicist Robert Nemiroff's book 'Faster Than Light' details how non-communicative physical phenomena, such as sweeping shadows, can move superluminally without breaking relativity.

## Detailed walkthrough ### [00:00](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=0s) Entanglement and the "Spooky Action" Paradox

Many have heard the familiar refrain that quantum mechanics makes no sense because it relies on "spooky action at a distance." While this is often treated as an inescapable paradox of the quantum world, a physicist has now mathematically demonstrated that the perceived strangeness might arise because the universe actually possesses two dimensions of time alongside three dimensions of space. In this five-dimensional framework, the apparent faster-than-light behavior of quantum physics is given a concrete geometric explanation.

At the core of this puzzle lies quantum entanglement, a distinct type of correlation between the physical properties of quantum particles. Correlation in itself is mundane: the clock on your smartphone and the clock on someone else's phone are strongly correlated simply because both are set to show the same time. Quantum entanglement is fundamentally different because, prior to a measurement being performed, the particles do not possess definite values at all. It is only when an experimenter measures one particle that the distant particle instantaneously adopts a complementary value, seemingly outracing light. Assuming particles held predetermined properties before being observed directly contradicts physical experiments.

Einstein famously branded this post-measurement update as "spooky action at a distance." As Sabine emphasizes, entanglement itself is not the spooky action; entanglement merely sets the stage to reveal it. The truly spooky element is the instantaneous, faster-than-light update of the remote particle's state. While one could simply accept that faster-than-light mechanisms exist, doing so introduces an immediate conundrum: if this update happens faster than light, why is it impossible to use it to transmit human-controlled information? In quantum mechanics, measurement outcomes are fundamentally probabilistic. An observer cannot dictate what outcome will appear; they can only guarantee that once an outcome is measured, the distant outcome will correlate with it. Consequently, no signal can be forced through the measurement process.

- **Entanglement vs. Classical Correlation:** Classical systems (like synchronized phone clocks) carry pre-existing information; entangled quantum particles possess no definite values prior to measurement. - **The True "Spooky Action":** The instant state update across spatial distance is what violates classical intuition, not the mere existence of correlated pairs. - **The No-Signaling Constraint:** Even though the quantum state updates instantaneously, the unpredictability of measurement outcomes prevents observers from transmitting messages faster than light.

---

[02:33](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=153s) A Second Dimension of Time and the Hidden Field

To explain why this instantaneous connection exists without enabling faster-than-light signaling, the author introduces a second temporal dimension into physics. While standard general relativity operates within Einstein's four-dimensional spacetime (three spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension), this proposal expands spacetime into five dimensions by adding an extra time coordinate. A particle traversing this second time dimension might not progress through our conventional dimension of time whatsoever. From the vantage point of our ordinary four-dimensional perspective, its travel through that extra coordinate would look entirely instantaneous.

```mermaid flowchart TD accTitle: Five-Dimensional Spacetime and Quantum Entanglement accDescr: Diagram illustrating how a hidden field in a five-dimensional spacetime connects entangled particles to cause instant correlations without allowing faster-than-light signaling. subgraph FiveD ["5D Spacetime (3 Space + 2 Time)"] HF["Hidden Field"] P1["Entangled Particle A"] P2["Entangled Particle B"] HF --- P1 HF --- P2 end subgraph FourD ["Standard 4D Perspective (3 Space + 1 Time)"] M1["Measurement on A"] -->|"State update across 2nd time"| M2["Instantaneous Outcome on B"] NS["Measurement cannot inject data"] -.->|"Preserves No-Signaling"| HF end ```

To prevent this additional temporal dimension from spilling into unobserved phenomena outside of quantum experiments, the author introduces a "hidden field" residing in the five-dimensional spacetime. This field couples exclusively to entangled particles. When an observer measures one particle, the interaction updates the state of the entangled partner via the hidden field. However, because the measuring apparatus cannot inject external information into the field, experimenters cannot hijack the mechanism to send arbitrary signals. The only observable outcome in our familiar dimensions is the standard quantum correlation between the two particles.

Crucially, this model is not just an untestable mathematical reinterpretation; it makes predictions that diverge from standard quantum mechanics. The paper outlines an experiment using two completely independent sources of entangled photon pairs. Under standard quantum theory, measurements taken from the first source should show zero correlation with measurements from the second source. However, if this five-dimensional hidden field truly exists, it should introduce a faint, distance-dependent cross-correlation between the two independent experimental setups.

---

[04:10](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=250s) Theoretical Roadblocks and the Paper's Rating

Proposing extra dimensions of time is not entirely new, but such models have historically encountered severe theoretical hurdles. Introducing additional time dimensions often destabilizes the quantum vacuum, invites catastrophic paradoxes related to time travel, and severely disrupts Einstein’s general relativity—consequences that "Albert doesn't like at all." Furthermore, entanglement represents only one aspect of quantum phenomena; any viable model must be scrutinized to ensure it does not contradict the vast catalog of existing precision tests in quantum mechanics.

Sabine evaluates the paper with a rating of "7 out of 10 on the [bullshit] meter," characterizing it as somewhat sketchy and noting that it leaves many deep theoretical problems unaddressed. While Sabine maintains that there is likely a simpler foundational explanation for the apparent strangeness of quantum mechanics, she praises the proposal for being a genuinely novel entry into the field of "beyond quantum physics"—the pursuit of deeper physical mechanisms beneath quantum behavior. With characteristic deadpan humor, she remarks that if the author turns out to be correct, "maybe in 10 years I can waste two times."

- **Known hazards of extra time dimensions:** Vacuum instability, causality/time-travel paradoxes, and mathematical incompatibility with general relativity. - **Experimental test proposed:** Looking for small, distance-dependent cross-correlations between two separate entangled photon systems. - **Assessment:** Rated 7/10 on the meter due to unaddressed theoretical complications, yet recognized as an innovative attempt at post-quantum theory.

---

[05:07](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=307s) Exploring FTL Physics with Robert Nemiroff

For viewers left confused by the paradoxes of cosmic speed limits, Sabine points to a book written by her friend and colleague, Robert Nemiroff, titled *Faster Than Light*. Nemiroff is a professor of physics at Michigan Technological University and co-creator and editor of NASA's popular *Astronomy Picture of the Day* (APOD) website. With an extensive record of published research in astrophysics, Nemiroff brings genuine scientific rigor rather than casual speculation to the topic.

Nemiroff's book synthesizes what modern physics understands about faster-than-light phenomena. It explores counterintuitive physics puzzles, such as why a cast shadow can legally sweep across a surface faster than light, what special relativity truly permits and forbids regarding superluminal speeds, and how quantum mechanics gives the illusion of beating the speed-of-light barrier while strictly adhering to physical causality. Sabine emphasizes that the book is written accessibly for non-physicists, is engaging from start to finish, and is "100% AI free," before concluding with her customary sign-off: "See you tomorrow."

## Notable quotes > [00:00](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=0s) spooky action at a distance — Sabine Hossenfelder

> [00:00](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=0s) entanglement itself is not the spooky action; entanglement merely sets the stage to reveal it — Sabine Hossenfelder

> [00:00](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=0s) The truly spooky element is the instantaneous, faster-than-light update of the remote particle's state. — Sabine Hossenfelder

> [02:33](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=153s) hidden field — Sabine Hossenfelder

> [04:10](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=250s) Albert doesn't like at all — Sabine Hossenfelder

> [04:10](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=250s) 7 out of 10 on the [bullshit] meter — Sabine Hossenfelder

> [04:10](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=250s) beyond quantum physics — Sabine Hossenfelder

> [04:10](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=250s) maybe in 10 years I can waste two times — Sabine Hossenfelder

> [05:07](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=307s) 100% AI free — Sabine Hossenfelder

> [05:07](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ&t=307s) See you tomorrow — Sabine Hossenfelder

## Mentioned Albert Einstein, Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD), Faster Than Light, Michigan Technological University, NASA, Robert Nemiroff, Sabine Hossenfelder

## Video description "Check out Robert's book ""Faster Than Light"" ➜ https://www.amazon.com/Faster-than-Light-Your-Shadow/dp/1662933843/ Kindle: https://amzn.to/3SfamjO

You've probably heard that quantum mechanics is spooky, that measuring one particle instantly affects another across any distance. A physicist now says there's a reason: the universe doesn't have one dimension of time, but two. It sounds absurd, but he's got the maths and even a way to test it. Genius or nonsense? Let's take a look.

Paper: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.12457

#science #sciencenews #physics #quantumphysics

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[Source](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e_JSOxaEVQ)

中文简报

第二时间维度解释量子悖论并提供实验检验方案 将时空扩展至包含两个时间维度可解释瞬时量子纠缠且不引发超光速通信，但该框架面临严重的真空不稳定性风险并与广义相对论相冲突。 该视频解析了一篇提出我们宇宙包含三个空间维度和两个时间维度的论文，以此解释量子纠缠的瞬时特性。在该模型中，一个隐藏的五维场允许状态更新沿着第二条时间轴传递，对标准观察者而言表现为瞬时发生，同时又不允许超光速信号传递。与许多量子诠释不同，该模型通过独立纠缠光子源之间的互相关给出了可检验的预测。然而，Sabine在她的“胡扯度量表”上给这一提议打了7分（满分10分），并指出了真空不稳定性以及与广义相对论冲突等明显的理论障碍。 一篇新的理论论文提议将时空扩展至五维（三维空间和两维时间），以在不破坏因果律的情况下解释量子纠缠表面上的超光速状态更新。 (2:33) 该模型引入了一个仅与纠缠粒子耦合的隐藏五维场，在实现状态同步的同时，防止了可控的超光速信息传递。 (2:33) 与量子力学的标准诠释不同，该假说给出了可证伪的预测：两个独立的纠缠光子源应当表现出微弱的、依赖于距离的互相关。 (2:33) Sabine Hossenfelder在她的“胡扯度量表”上给该提议打了7分（满分10分），指出额外时间维度传统上会引发真空不稳定性、因果悖论以及与广义相对论的严重冲突。 (4:10)

Reading summary

A physicist has proposed a five-dimensional model incorporating two dimensions of time to geometrically explain the apparent faster-than-light behavior of quantum entanglement, though science communicator Sabine Hossenfelder remains skeptical of its theoretical viability. The Entanglement and No-Signaling Puzzle (0:00) Quantum entanglement differs fundamentally from classical correlation because particles do not possess definite physical properties prior to observation. When one entangled particle is measured, its distant counterpart updates its state instantaneously, a phenomenon Albert Einstein famously described as spooky action at a distance. However, because individual measurement outcomes are strictly probabilistic, observers cannot choose or force an outcome to transmit controlled signals faster than light. Five Dimensions and the Hidden Field (2:33) The proposed theoretical framework adds an extra temporal coordinate to Einstein's standard four-dimensional spacetime, creating a five-dimensional geometry with three spatial and two temporal dimensions. Under this mechanism, motion through the second time dimension does not register in standard time, causing an interaction to appear instantaneous from a four-dimensional viewpoint. To restrict this effect strictly to quantum behavior, the model introduces a hidden field that couples only to entangled particles, enabling state updates while barring experimental apparatuses from injecting human-directed information. Testable Predictions Against Standard Quantum Mechanics (2:33) Unlike purely mathematical interpretations, this model offers a distinct testable prediction that diverges from standard quantum mechanics. In an experiment featuring two entirely independent sources of entangled photon pairs, conventional quantum theory dictates zero correlation between the two setups. By contrast, this five-dimensional framework predicts that the hidden field should produce a faint, distance-dependent cross-correlation between the independent pairs. Theoretical Roadblocks and Critical Assessment (4:10) Extra dimensions of time face major theoretical hurdles, including the risk of destabilizing the quantum vacuum, generating time-travel paradoxes, and conflicting with general relativity. Hossenfelder rates the paper at a 7 out of 10 on her skepticism meter, describing the work as sketchy and noting that it leaves significant theoretical complications unaddressed, even as she credits it as a novel attempt to probe physics beyond quantum mechanics. While the proposal offers a geometric mechanism for quantum entanglement with an experimentally testable signature, it leaves major theoretical conflicts with relativity and vacuum stability unresolved, suggesting that simpler foundational explanations may still be required.

Source quotes

[0:00] Sabine Hossenfelder: spooky action at a distance [0:00] Sabine Hossenfelder: entanglement itself is not the spooky action; entanglement merely sets the stage to reveal it [0:00] Sabine Hossenfelder: The truly spooky element is the instantaneous, faster-than-light update of the remote particle's state. [2:33] Sabine Hossenfelder: hidden field [4:10] Sabine Hossenfelder: Albert doesn't like at all [4:10] Sabine Hossenfelder: 7 out of 10 on the [bullshit] meter [4:10] Sabine Hossenfelder: beyond quantum physics [4:10] Sabine Hossenfelder: maybe in 10 years I can waste two times [5:07] Sabine Hossenfelder: 100% AI free [5:07] Sabine Hossenfelder: See you tomorrow

Original transcript

[0:00] Quantum mechanics doesn't make sense because it  has the "spooky action at a distance." I'm sure [0:06] you've heard this somewhere. Well, I have news  for you. A physicist has shown, not just argued, [0:13] but mathematically demonstrated that the  reason we find quantum physics weird might [0:18] be that the universe really has two times, three  directions of space and two directions of time. [0:26] And that so the idea explains why quantum physics  seems to act faster than light. Let's have a look. [0:33] At the heart of quantum physics is a phenomenon  called entanglement. That's a type of correlation [0:39] between the properties of quantum particles.  Correlation just means that if you measure the [0:44] property of one of the particles, then that tells  you something about the properties of the other [0:48] particle regardless of how far away the other  particle is. Correlations across distances are not [0:55] in themselves mysterious. The clocks on your phone  and my phone are correlated because they're both [1:02] supposed to tell the same time. What makes quantum  entanglement special is that before you made the [1:09] measurement, the particles had no definite  property at all. It's only if you measure one [1:14] particle that the other one instantaneously also  takes on a property which must fit to the property [1:21] of the first particle. This happens faster than  light. If you assume that the particles already [1:26] have the properties before you measured them,  then that just does not agree with observations. [1:33] It's this update upon measurement which Einstein  called a "spooky action at a distance". The spooky [1:39] action is not the entanglement. The entanglement  is just a way to reveal the spooky action. The [1:46] spooky action is the faster-than-light update of  the far-away particle. One way to explain this is [1:52] to just accept that faster-than-light processes  are indeed possible. But this creates a bunch [1:57] of other problems. Most importantly, there's the  problem that why the measurement update in quantum [2:03] physics seems to happen faster than light, that  still doesn't allow us to send any information [2:09] faster than light. This is because in quantum  physics we can't predict what the outcome of [2:14] the measurement will be. We just know that the  measurement outcomes must be correlated. But [2:20] you can't send a signal by making a measurement.  Now if you say, okay, I just allow a truly spooky [2:26] faster-than-light action then why can we not use  it for sending information? Well, the author has [2:33] come up with the idea that quantum physics makes  use of a second dimension of time. Einstein's [2:39] familiar spacetime has three dimensions of space  and one dimension of time. The author just says, [2:45] well, let's add another dimension of time. The  thing is now that a particle which travels in the [2:51] second dimension of time might not travel in our  usual dimension of time at all. For us, it might [2:57] go elsewhere instantaneously. Okay. But how does  this solve the problem that we never observe this [3:04] other than in a measurement process? For this,  the author introduces a hidden field that lives in [3:10] this five-dimensional spacetime. The field connects  only entangled particles. So if you measure one of [3:16] the particles that can update the other particle,  but you can't use the measurement device to force [3:22] any new information into the field. This means  that the only observable result which you get in [3:27] the end is that yes, the entangled particles are  correlated as they should be, but no, you can't do [3:33] anything else with the field. The most interesting  part is though that this theory does not make [3:39] exactly the same predictions as ordinary quantum  mechanics. The author proposes an experiment with [3:46] two independent sources of entangled photon pairs.  Standard quantum mechanics says that the outcomes [3:52] from the first experiment should have nothing  to do with those from the second. If the second [3:57] dimension of time really has this hidden field,  then the experiments should have a tiny additional [4:04] correlation. And that correlation depends on  the distance. That said, this is not the first [4:10] time a physicist has proposed extra dimensions  of time. And the reason you haven't heard much [4:14] of these ideas is that they come with problems.  They can make the vacuum unstable. They can bring [4:20] in time travel problems. and they completely mess  up Einstein's theory of general relativity which [4:26] Albert doesn't like at all. Also, entanglement  is not all there is to quantum physics and I'd [4:31] like to see further checks that this idea is not  in conflict with some observations already. I give [4:37] this paper a 7 out of 10 on the [ __ ] meter.  It's somewhat sketchy. It's left many problems [4:43] unadressed. And as you all know, personally, I  think there's an easier explanation for the [4:48] supposed strangess of quantum physics. But this  is a genuinely new idea that qualifies as what [4:54] I'd like to call "beyond quantum physics", that's  the quest to find a deeper explanation for the [5:00] quantum effects that we observe. And if the author  is right, maybe in 10 years I can waste two times. [5:07] If you found this video confusing, I recommend  you check out a wonderful book by my friend and [5:13] colleague Robert Nemiroff, in which he explains what  can and can't move faster than light. Robert is [5:20] a professor of physics at Michigan Technological  University and he's published a book that collects [5:25] everything that physicists know about faster than  light motion. That includes mind benders like why [5:31] your shadow can move faster than light, what  special relativity says about faster than light [5:37] travel and how quantum mechanics seems to beat the  speed of light limit but then actually doesn't. [5:43] Robert is perhaps best known as creator and editor  for one of NASA's most popular science websites, [5:50] "the Astronomy Picture of the Day", but he's also  written a lot of papers on astrophysics. So, [5:56] he's not some random guy with an opinion. He's a  real scientist and knows what he's talking about. [6:02] The book suitable for non-physicists, and I found  it to be very engagingly written, and even better, [6:09] it's 100% AI free. If you find relativity  and quantum mechanics as fascinating as I, [6:16] I'm sure you'll enjoy this book. So, go and check  this out. Thanks for watching. See you tomorrow.